The CRS In Focus report IF12495 explains the US Army’s M-1E3 Abrams modernization program, which is intended to replace incremental upgrades of the Abrams tank with a more substantial redesign.

It highlights that the Army is shifting away from older variants like the SEPv4 because further upgrades were adding too much weight and logistical burden. The M-1E3 is meant to be lighter, more survivable, and easier to upgrade using a modular open-architecture design.

The report notes that while requirements are still being finalized, expected features include improved armor and protection against drones—including FPV drones that have become a major threat on modern battlefields—potential hybrid-electric propulsion, greater use of AI and digital systems, and tighter integration with unmanned systems and battlefield networks. Some concepts also include reduced crew size and automation, such as the use of autoloaders.